As evident/evidenced by?

I am very happy today because a mistake I habitually make was brought to my attention today...

Donno where I got it... but I have a liking to use the expression "as evident by blah blah and blah."

I learn today that it is actually as evidenced by (or as evident from...).

EX. There is no cure in my bad English as evidenced by all them mistakes I can not catch myself or continue to make even after they are identified such as in "the" and "a(n)."

8-O lol 8-X

(Though, at least, I will correct all them "as evident by" to "as evident from" in my writing from now on.)

Gagné & Smith Jr (1962) A study of the effects of verbalization on problem solving

Gagné, R. M. & Smith Jr, E. C. (1962) A study of the effects of verbalization on problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(1), 12-18.

Task: 

n-disc problem (Tower of Honoi)

Participants

1. Group V-SS (verbalizing, Solution Set) was instructed to state aloud why they were making each individual move at the time they made it. In addition, these 5s were instructed to try to think of a general rule by means of which they could tell someone
2. Group V (Verbalizing, No Solution Set) was required to verbalize a reason for each move, but was
3. not instructed to try to formulate a general rule for solution. 
4. Group SS (No Verbalizing, Solution Set) was not required to verbalize, but was instructed to try to formulate a rule.
5. Group No (No Verbalizing, No Solution Set) was simply told of the problem to be presented and its ground rules, with no additional instructions.

Findings

The group instructed to verbalize and to formulate a rule yielded the best performance.

Could my psychotic pursuit to get the book out and to explicate my problem and action schema be helpful in my learning to problem solve my mental problem? 8-O

Stanovich (1999) Who is rational? : Studies of individual differences in reasoning

Where system 1 and system 2 are coined...

Stanovich, K. E. (1999) Who is rational? : Studies of individual differences in reasoning,  (Mahwah, N.J., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates).

"It helps to distinguish between evolutionary adaptation and instrumental rationality.... Anderson (1990) accepted Stich's... argument that evolutionary adaptation (hereafter termed evolutionary rationality) does not guarantee perfect human rationality in the normative sense." (p. 148)

"Evolutionary rationality has dissociated from normative rationality--where the later viewed as utility maximization for the individual organism (instrumental rationality) and the former is defined as survival probability at the level of the gene." (p. 149)

"It is hypothesized that the features of System 1 are designed to very closely track increases in the reproduction probability of genes.  System 2, though also clearly an evolutionary product, is primarily a control system focused on the interest of the whole person.  Although its overall function was no doubt fitness enhancing, it is the primary maximizer of an individual's personal utility.  Maximizing the latter will occasionally result in sacrificing genetic fitness.

(Why I am not even entertaining having children? 8-O lol 8-X)

Thus, the hypothesis is that System 1 is more specifically attuned than is System 2 to evolutionary rationality.  System 1 process represent the collection of the processes that are goal maximizing for the genes--the reproductive goals of fecundity, longevity, and replication accuracy.  System 2, in contrast, maximizes goal satisfaction for people--the survil machines for the genes.  Because System 2 is more attuned to normative rationality, it is System 2 that will seek to fulfill the individual's goals in the minority of cases where those goals conflict with the responses triggered by system 1.

... in the vast majority of mundane situations, the evolutionary rationality embodied in System 1 processes will also serve the goals of normative rationality.  Accurately navigating around objects in the natural world fostered evolutionary adaptation, and it likewise serves our personal goals as we carry out our lives in the modern world... Nevertheless, the assumption that we are adapted in the evolutionary sense--the assumption made in so many of the adaptionist models--does not entail normative rationality.  Thus, situations where evolutionary and normative rationality dissociate might well put the two processing systems in conflict with each other." (p. 151)

System 2 theory... there is no uni-reality in life and the personal System 1 components devised for mes, myselves, and Is... as a pursuit to cope with psychosis.  What I have to do might not maximize the survival of the "genetic fitness" though instrumental of letting me kick on kicking finishing up spitting out already too many my words.  

Albeit evolutionary this and that, isn't the grasping of the dual-reality principle yet another manifestation of genetic preparedness? 

Regardless, the gene prepared us and the socialization further foster what we are prepared for... how it is interpreted... dependent on the interpreter...

Morris, Griffiths, Le Pelley, & Weickert (2013) Attention to irrelevant cues is related to positive symptoms in schizophrenia

Morris, R., Griffiths, O., Le Pelley, M. E. & Weickert, T. W. (2013) Attention to irrelevant cues is related to positive symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39(3), 575-582.

"suggests normal selective learning can occur in schizophrenia under easier task conditions."

So say the experts... thank God... it's possible for me to learn...

"those with more severe positive symptoms failed to ignore the nonpredictive cues, suggesting the bias also varies with the severity of positive symptoms."

Let me tell you... when symptoms are really bad... all the irrelevant are relevant and like how the song goes... can't take my eyes off from you... (no switching allowed almost)



"The failure of these patients to distinguish between previously predictive and nonpredictive cues results in the formation of abnormal causal associations and suggests this deficit may be critical in the formation and experience of psychotic symptoms."

I would like to say that I would definitely second this notion except... who gives a rat's ass about my endorsement? (Especially not this paranoid delusional with grandiosity. 8-O lol 8-X)

Finally done with this iteration of lit review... 

Peters, Pickering, Kent, Glasper, Irani, David, Day, & Hemsleym (2000) The relationship between cognitive inhibition and psychotic symptoms

Peters, E. R., Pickering, A. D., Kent, A., Glasper, A., Irani, M., David, A. S., Day, S. & Hemsley, D. R. (2000) The relationship between cognitive inhibition and psychotic symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3), 386-395.

The hypothetical endowment of psychotics... low latent inhibition... no wonder the process of literature review is so lengthy because everything seems to be related. 8-O 8-X

From public access...

Spread the info so lessons learned could be shared... like... how many psychotics might have access to the sea of literature about us including writings by psychotics about psychosis?

The Sickness in Writing

Schizophrenia Bulletin and the Revised NIH Public Access Policy

Treisman (1960) Contextual cues in selective listening

Treisman, A. M. (1960) Contextual cues in selective listening. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12(4), 242-248.

"In using the word “threshold” in this context, it is not necessarily meant to imply an intensity threshold, which might be one possibility, but simply that the unit is more or less likely to be activated by incoming signals, or that it is made more or less quickly available. Now if the selective mechanism in attention acts on all words not coming from one particular source by “attenuating” rather than “blocking” them, that is, it transforms them in such a way that they become less likely to activate dictionary units, it might still allow the above classes of words, with their thresholds which were originally exceptionally low, to be heard."

Treisman's "threshold" hypothesis and possibly the grandfather notion (threshold) of salience differences? (not sure but surely can be inferred from it.

Turk, Brady-Van Den Bos, Collard, Gillespie-Smith, Conway & Cunningham (2013) Divided attention selectively impairs memory for self-relevant information

Turk, D. J., Brady-Van Den Bos, M., Collard, P., Gillespie-Smith, K., Conway, M. A. & Cunningham, S. J. (2013) Divided attention selectively impairs memory for self-relevant information. Memory & Cognition, 41(4), 503-510.

"the memory advantages associated with self-referential encoding are dependent on the availability of attentional resources."

How does this paper resonate with my head?

1. Self-referencing is attentionally demanding and could thus compete with other attentionally demanding task.  Worst of all, don't know about for the normal, self-referencing info are prioritized.
2. The memory advantage of self-associated items is possibly what contribute to my plights... (the fuzzy boundary between good and bad)
3. Given the need for the attentional resource, does the need to engage in other attentional demanding task depletes the "advantage" of self-referenced items?  Based on my "field" experiences such as working at large, yes, when highly focused on my work, I could attempt to minimize the impacts of self-related items... though it ain't fail-safe.

Shapiro, Caldwell, & Sorensen (1997) Personal names and the attentional blink: A visual "cocktail party" effect

Shapiro, K. L., Caldwell, J. & Sorensen, R. E. (1997) Personal names and the attentional blink: A visual "cocktail party" effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23(2), 504-514.

"Treisman (1960) proposed that the filter is not an "all or nothing" mechanism but instead serves to attenuate rather than to block information from the unattended channel. According to her views, a node for a particular word in a mental "dictionary" possesses a threshold that must be exceeded for that word to reach "awareness." Information from the unattended channel is transformed in such a way as to make it less likely that the information will activate a particular node. Thus, only words with very low thresholds can be activated by the unattended channel. For example, words with high salience, such as fire or an individual's name, have thresholds for activation that are permanently lower than those for other words and can reach awareness even when presented to the unattended channel." p. 506

Sounds almost like... "ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS"  if not all stimuli are euqual but some stimuli are more equal than others.  8-X

"As posed originally by Shapiro, Raymond, and Amell (1994) but elaborated on here, each competing stimulus possesses a different weighting according to its salience, which is determined by a goodness-of-fit match between target and probe templates and the level of word logogen activation."

When can I stop weighting my selves so much?

"we suggest that certain words possess a permanently lower threshold (and thus a higher salience), as

in the case of a person's own name or a signal for danger. We further argue that the consequence of this higher salience is less interference between the probe stimulus and other competing items in VSTM."

salience vs. threshold level

"One's own name, by this same account, possesses an even higher salience allowing for its detection regardless of the distractor stream."

Again, the basis of my minor inconveniences in life... I surely know no moderation and taken the own name effect to the extreme... like You can call me Al (or Betty will do) though I am ratprincess.  

Jacobson, Karlsgodt, Sanz, Van Erp, Nuechterlein, Bearden, & Cannon, (2010) Reduced ability to engage default-mode brain regions during the resting-state periods of a working memory task in recent-onset schizophrenia

Jacobson, S. C., Karlsgodt, K. H., Sanz, J. H., Van Erp, T. G. M., Nuechterlein, K. H., Bearden, C. E. & Cannon, T. D. (2010) Reduced ability to engage default-mode brain regions during the resting-state periods of a working memory task in recent-onset schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 117(2–3), 347.

Forget about the issue of connectivity... a major issue I have had in my life, once the engine starts, I can't make it stop.  Thought I was going crazy... (yes, I am).  The reason why I don't even want to get it started...

Madre, Pomarol-Clotet, Mckenna, Radua, Ortiz-Gil, Panicali, Goikolea, Vieta, Sarró, Salvador, & Amann, (2013) Brain functional abnormality in schizo-affective disorder: An fmri study

Madre, Pomarol-Clotet, Mckenna, Radua, Ortiz-Gil, Panicali, Goikolea, Vieta, Sarró, Salvador, & Amann, (2013) Brain functional abnormality in schizo-affective disorder: An fmri study. Psychological Medicine, 43(1), 143-53.

Even if I subscribe to the diagnosis of schizoaffective... still out of whack is my private neuronetworks like default mode network...

Baliki, Geha, Apkarian & Chialvo (2008). Beyond Feeling: Chronic Pain Hurts the Brain, Disrupting the Default-Mode Network Dynamics

Baliki, Marwan N., Geha, Paul Y., Apkarian, A. Vania, & Chialvo, Dante R. (2008). Beyond Feeling: Chronic Pain Hurts the Brain, Disrupting the Default-Mode Network Dynamics. The Journal of Neuroscience, 28(6), 1398-1403. 

One more reason for my shrunken brain... Well, don't sweat the small think... my head department already got it started over a decade ago... (therefore... get done with my work fast before my brain escape through the wormhole) 8-O lol 8-X sign

"By design, the present study cannot provide mechanistic explanations. However, the disruption of functional connectivity observed here with increased CBP duration may be related to the earlier observation of brain atrophy increasing with pain duration also in CBP patients (Apkarian et al., 2004b)."

Otti, Guendel, Wohlschlager, Zimmer, & Noll-Hussong (2013). Frequency shifts in the anterior default mode network and the salience network in chronic pain disorder

Otti, Alexander, Guendel, Harald, Wohlschlager, Afra, Zimmer, Claus, & Noll-Hussong, Michael. (2013). Frequency shifts in the anterior default mode network and the salience network in chronic pain disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 13(1), 84. 

Yet another article showing why my head is atama shorto (short-circuted)... above and beyond the contribution of mental health problems.

Lopez, Juan Carlos. (2002). Nature vs nurture

Lopez, Juan Carlos. (2002). Nature vs nurture. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 171-171. 

Synaptic plasticity?

"the absence of EphB2 impairs long-term synaptic plasticity"

ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPERS

1. Takasu, M. A. et al. Modulation of NMDA receptor-dependent calcium influx and gene expression through EphB receptors. Science 295, 491–495 (2002)
   • Article
   • PubMed
   • ISI
   • ChemPort
2. Grunwald, I. C. et al. Kinase-independent requirement of EphB2 receptors in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Neuron 32, 1027–1040 (2001)
   • Article
   • PubMed
   • ISI
   • ChemPort
3. Henderson, J. T. et al. The receptor tyrosine kinase EphB2 regulates NMDA-dependent synaptic function. Neuron 32, 1041–1056 (2001)
   • Article
   • PubMed
   • ISI
   • ChemPort

FURTHER READING

Jung, C. G. (1980). The archetypes and the collective unconscious

Jung, C. G. (1980). The archetypes and the collective unconscious (R. F. C. Hull, Trans.). In R. F. C. Hull (Ed.), The collected works of C G Jung (2nd ed., Vol. 9, pp. 42-53). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

My Apocalypses as a type of archetypes?  Bet I am not the only psychotic who had lived through one apocalypse after another!

Conway, Cowan & Bunting (2001). The cocktail party phenomenon revisited: The importance of working memory capacity

From extended LTM activation (high capacity) to low cognitive capacity.  It all makes sense.  Why?  Dedicated to the rightfully wrong processes la! Like... Oh... nice processor with high processing power... but... what is your high speed doing exactly? lol 8-X 

Conway, Andrew R.A., Cowan, Nelson, & Bunting, Michael F. (2001). The cocktail party phenomenon revisited: The importance of working memory capacity. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8(2), 331-335. 

"we show that subjects who detect their name in the irrelevant message have relatively low working-memory capacities, suggesting that they have difficulty blocking out, or inhibiting, distracting information."

This is why I have always proposed that we psychotics have to find ways to expand da processing capacity of ours.  Having a chunk of WM capacity dedicated to processing of psychotic cognition to begin with, there is surely not much capacity left to perform things like blocking out, or inhibiting, distracting information.  Gotta make sure the surplus is not dedicated to psychotic cognition though.  How to?  A good question.

Cherry (1953). Some Experiments on the Recognition of Speech, with One and with Two Ears.

In the sea of stimuli, real or not, what might have influences on what I attend to?  

http://www.ee.columbia.edu/~dpwe/papers/Cherry53-cpe.pdf

Cherry, Edward Colin. (1953). Some Experiments on the Recognition of Speech, with One and with Two Ears. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 25(5), 975-979.  

"How do we recognize what one person is saying when the others are speaking at the same time (the cocktail party problem)?"

I did have big time problem focusing what people were saying when my voices and delusional thoughts were running wild!  When the time is really bad, the person speaking to me would be talking to me in real life and telepathically communicate with me as well.  How do I then separate the source?  An interesting question.

Moray, N. (1959). Attention in dichotic listening: Affective cues and the influence of instructions

In search of the general basis of my "self/egocentric" processing... involving hallucinations or not.  Why can't I concentrate on what I want to do but keep on getting distracted by hallucinations and delusions about things related to me?  Taking the good old cocktail party effect to the extreme?

https://www.msu.edu/~ema/802-readings/Ch3-1a-Moray59.pdf

Moray, N. (1959). Attention in dichotic listening: Affective cues and the influence of instructions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 11(1), 56-60.

"Subjectively 'important' messages, such as a person’s own name, can penetrate the block: thus a person will hear instructions if they are presented with his own name as part of the rejected message."

Sternberg, Robert J. (2007). Who Are the Bright Children? The Cultural Context of Being and Acting Intelligent

The cultural impact on the definition of intelligence is described in this paper.

Sternberg, Robert J. (2007). Who Are the Bright Children? The Cultural Context of Being and Acting Intelligent. Educational Researcher, 36(3), 148-155. 

How is culture defined here (how it is used)? (Berry, Poortinga, Segall, & Dasen, 1992)

• Descriptively to characterize a culture
• historically to describe the tradition of a group
• normatively to express rules and norms of a group
• psychologically to emphasize how a group learns and solve problems
• structurally to emphasize the organizational elements of a culture
• genetically to describe cultural origins

"Could the psychotic population be considered as belong to a culture?" That's the question.

The theory of successful intelligence 

Definition of Successful intelligence: "What is needed for success in life, according to one's own definition of success, within one's sociocultural context."

What is success to me? To be functional (sorry about the seemingly lack of ambition... though it's in reality really ambitious).

The knowledge and skills are acquired through analytical, creative, and practical abilities:

• capitalizing on strength
• correcting or compensating for weakness
• adapting to, shaping, or selecting environments

I surely know a thing or two in the compensation department.

Different cultures have different conceptions of intelligence...

What does it mean to perform intelligently?

1. Brazilian street children who could not perform school math could satisfactorily do the same math in the context of selling on the street.
2. Children in the villages used their tacit knowledge of these medicines an average of once a week in medicating themselves and others.  More than 95% of the children suffered from parasitic illness... how to use any of the natural herbal medicines to combat the diverse and abundant parasitic illnesses they might acquire in rural Kenya. "To these children in rural Kenya, however, the intelligence needed for survival and success in life, in general, may not be the same as intelligence needed for success in school, and the former may be more important to them than the later."
3. Yup'ik Eskimo children in southwestern Alaska... possessed knowledge about hunting, fishing, gathering, herbal treatments of illness...  They could take a dogsled from their village to another village in the dead of winter and find their way.  [People without the knowledge] would fail to discern the landmarks and quickly would get lost.

"In every culture, people have to recognize when they have problems, define what the problems are, solve the problems, and then evaluate how well they have solved them.  But the content of the problems to be solved is different, and what is considered a good solution differs as well."

Psychotic intelligence?  Does it exist?  For yours paranoid delusional with grandiosity, the word "intelligence" itself is one to run away from for the sake of my life.  Yet, given how psychosis is stigmatized, I would like to use Sternberg's notion as a means to speak to my psychotic fellows... whether it sounds presumptuous or not.

There surely are a lot of them out there who have done great things albeit their psychosis.  There are also people like me... striving for my own success... with success defined as surviving functionally.  So we stumble along in our own version of psychosis, and strive to keep our heads above the sea of symptoms.  How we learn to live since our onset is the development of psychotic intelligence in process, and what we learn to do to keep ourselves functional... starting from taking care of ourselves... is the psychotic intelligence in practice. Unless you make an attempt to explicate it, most of the times, they are tacit and practical knowledge we have.

Sure, our psychotic intelligence could only go so far as to keep ourselves in one piece and be functional.  It will not lead us to big money, big career, etc.  Yet, it's the foundation... because, don't know about you, when I was in the psychiatric ward, I was definitely incapable of performing tasks and doing jobs.  In real life, I have also lost a whole lot of promises... starting from a job.  So, have no doubt in the fact that, if you are still functional, what your suffering granted you is more than minor inconveniences in life... it's intelligence in an unconventional perspective... something obtained incrementally while always have room to improve and more to gain.

It doesn't mean that we should be sitting home being all grandiose about how psychotically intelligent we are... oops... no.  Rather, our psychotic intelligence is a means to survive ourselves... thereafter... grounded in our psychotic intelligence, we can try to compensate our weakness and to survive in the presumably ordinary world and do the ordinary chores.

You are intelligent... with that intelligence practical and incremental.



(Done with what I intend to say... reverting back to running away from the notion of intelligence, success, etc)

Sternberg, R. J. (1986). Inside Intelligence

To begin with, it seems to serve my ego better to subscribe to Dweck's notion that intelligence is incremental rather than fixed... and therefore... within individual comparison.

Sternberg, R. J. (1986). Inside Intelligence: Cognitive science enables us to go beyond intelligence tests and understand how the human mind solves problems. American scientist, 74(2), 137-143.

"Cognitive, or non-executive processes, and metacognitive, or executive processes."

How Sternberg differentiated between cognition and metacognition... the notion of executive function.

Cognitive processes: Performance

Psychotic Intelligence (aspects of human intelligence uncovered by Sternberg based on observations made about analogy problem solving)

Psychotic Intelligence is something needed not by the non-psychotics and might be difficult for them to develop since they are not granted with hallucinations and delusions as the learning context (hope it doesn't make it sound to psychoticentric... but... lucky them... like me before the onset).    

• Higher scorers on intelligence test are "faster at inferring, mapping, and applying relations, and at communicating their response to analogy problems." (p. 138)

I have been mighty fast in doing these... float like a cadillac and sting like a beemer... in the processing of my psychotic cognition.  The outcome? Cuckoo... cuckoo...  because... faster in the wrong way.  Today, I try to be fast in doing these things except what I have to be fast in is, in theory, the antipsychotic cognition... "Is it symptomatic and what could I do with it?" Since I have no control over the speed of processing in psychotic cognition, I can only work on my antipsychotic cognition.  If info deemed symptomatic and alike, conscious efforts in encoding, abort (at least try to).  Am I scoring higher in this psychotic intelligence test than when I was even more of a fledgling?  Honestly, donno.

• Higher scorers were slower at encoding the information that they later manipulated... making sure information is encoded right. 

In comparison to how I function, such as at the onset, I think I have had to learn to slow down the processing of information substantially and dumping the encoding process if possible.  

Why learning it?  Nothing grand... just seems to be what's needed to survive... that's it.  I can't prove it to you or myself... but it feels like, throughout the years, I have been forced to learn to observe but not do anything... unless there seems to be something important about the observation... like... all them stairs to get up to and down from the Big Buddha... at the beginning of the trip in Hong Kong... let me analyze the situation.  

It's a way for me to learn to live with the psychotic cognition--the never-ending need to analyze situations and to intervene... Shall I have no bearing on psychotic cognition that is more than difficult to control, let me cut down on what I have control over... an attempt to give unresting my mind some slack.  Following Sternberg's notion, hope this means that I am becoming more psychotically intelligent than I was... at least as an even more fledgling psychotic at the onset.  This actually reminds me of a scene in "The Island."

"The only thing you can count on is that people will do anything to survive. I just want to live. I don't care how." ~ Lincoln Six Echo

Funny enough, for me, to survive, to slow the cognitive processing down including encoding... like... dumb me down to the lowest common denominator.  8-O lol sigh

• People spend their time quite unevenly on the various mental operation... (e.g., encoding, inferring relations, mapping relations of a higher order, applying relations) 

Cognitive processes: Learning

1. Selective-encoding: Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillion--how on earth did the bacteria near the moldy thing get destroy? (What to attend to... features and attributes of my symptoms.)
2. Selective-combination: Darwin's theory of natural selection--same birds seen by everyone and Darwin thought... what up with the beak of them birds? (Observations of my mental and physical states of being... what might be the contributing fact and how can I mitigate the impact?  Like, in times of dosage adjustment, I felt really no good last night and decided to take my meds a bit earlier... and it got part of the issues resolved.)
3. Selective-comparison: Kekule's discovery of the structure of the benzene ring--there is something interesting between the snake in the dream and the structure of the benzene right... (Why didn't I catch my delusions at the second major episode?  Haven't not be exposed to symptoms along the supernatural theme and the impacts, I didn't see the similarity in the symptom structure.)

Metacognitive processes

In this section, the author provided a lot of research-based examples to show the qualitative differences between the seasoned and the not-so-seasoned problem solvers.  

One quote I like especially... to "support" the inevitability of limited my psychotic model in progress...

"No one is able to devote his or her full attention to every problem or every aspect of every problem, and so an important aspect of intelligence is deciding just how one's resources, and especially attentional resources, should be allocated." (p. 142)

Not to mention, am I sure am I sure whether I am really doing any better than before other than making comparison using things stored in my kaput LTM and kaput executive processes?  There's not even validity in the world as I see it (though reliably not shared by people other than mes, myselves, and Is)... garbage in, garbage out... how kosher could the outcome of the comparison be? 8-O lol